The End of the World, the End of Life, and the End of October: the Art of the 4 Last Things
The End of the World, the End of Life, and the End of October: the Art of the 4 Last Things
Medieval man focused his hopes in life on the next one. The medieval worldview was saturated with an awareness of mortality and the mysteries of the hereafter. Life’s hardships - from the daily toil, to plagues and famines - imbued people with a keen sense of earthly impermanence. This awareness was not rooted in despair but in the conviction that earthly existence was a mere prelude to the final, eternal state of the soul. This is why medieval artists and theologians alike filled their work with imagery and teachings meant to keep the end of days, as well as individual mortality, in view.
Eschatology became a central theme in sacred art, particularly in the illuminated manuscripts and architectural carvings that depicted apocalyptic scenes. Works like the illuminated Apocalypse manuscripts and frescos vividly expressed this emphasis on the end times, transforming biblical prophecy into visual narratives that captivated medieval viewers. Far from being mere illustrations, these works invited viewers into a contemplative space, where the vision of a world transfigured by judgment and renewal was a constant reminder of imminent divine justice and the possibility of mercy.
In these images, the ultimate mysteries - the nature of salvation, the reality of judgment, and especially the eternal consequences of earthly choices - were presented with an immediacy and frank literalism that we hardly ever hear from the modern Church. Such art served as an ever-present call to be ready, to live morally vigilant lives, guided by the awareness that, at any moment, the apocalyptic scenes depicted could become an immediate personal reality.
In this post for paid subscribers, we’re going to look at some depictions of the Four Last Things. Since it’s the end of October, and our culture still retains a predilection to think about the bigger issues of mortality at this time of year, I thought we could explore the contrast between the medieval and modern worldviews and their impact on both the individual psyche and society as a whole.
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